Exploring Materials Creation with ChatGPT for a Multilingual Professional Development Workshop

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Exploring Materials Creation with ChatGPT for a Multilingual Professional Development Workshop

By Betsy Kells, Technology Director, Penn Language Center; Ed.D. student in Educational Linguistics, Graduate School of Education and Siyi Yan, Graduate Assistant, Penn Language Center; M.S.Ed. student in Learning Sciences & Technologies, Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania

Betsy Kells. Siyi Yan

DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.69732/NPBU8026

In the professional development context for world language instructors, addressing AI and its myriad applications in language education is growing in importance for many reasons, among which is its ubiquitous presence in educational technologies and varied performance in languages other than English. Working with a group primarily composed of Less Commonly Taught Language (LCTL) teachers at the Penn Language Center in Fall 2024, we explored how AI technologies could be leveraged to enrich our professional development workshops series for instructors of world languages. This piece reflects on our iterative prompting process for using ChatGPT to create engaging, multilingual lesson plans that resonate with teachers, connect to their pedagogical practices, and enrich professional development opportunities.

Moving Beyond English as the Lingua Franca

Our journey started in the fall 2024 when designing and delivering a two-part workshop series on Task-Based Language Teaching for LCTL education. After the first workshop in September, while successful, we noticed a need for more linguistically and culturally contextualized examples to help teachers apply the TBLT concepts to their specific languages, learners, and contexts. In particular, one of the workshop participants observed that while it is helpful to know what such activities look like in English, the common language among all of the 15 participants, it would be even more beneficial to see TBLT lesson plans in the target language. As a result, in the subsequent workshop that focused on TBLT for novice-level language learners, we gave ourselves the goal to provide any lesson plan or activity examples in the target language of the teacher-participants. Doing so allowed us to foster a collaborative, multilingual experience that would deepen participants’ understanding of TBLT concepts and its possibilities. We wanted to use a tool that everyone could access, so we selected ChatGPT as it was well-suited to make this experience more engaging and dynamic by embracing its capacity in many languages. Lastly, we chose a lesson topic that is likely found in most curricula, the weather, and prompted ChatGPT to create lesson plans in each of the languages of the anticipated attendees. (Lee & Ta, 2023)

Iterative Prompting for Best Results

ChatGPT was used most extensively in helping us generate multilingual lesson plans that participants used as a starting point to think of how TBLT can be incorporated in the specific language that they teach. The result was novice-level lesson plans across 23 languages, guided by ACTFL descriptors. In this section, we will go into detail about the iterative prompting process that gave us the final lesson plans that we shared with the workshop participants. Before moving ahead, we would like to acknowledge that there is not parity among the languages for which ChatGPT generates output, and for low-resource languages, the process typically utilizes English-language content to provide a response in the target language (Lee & Ta, 2023). There may be technologies which are better-suited for particular languages, but as mentioned above, ChatGPT was the best option for our goals for this workshop due to its low barriers to entry. 

To start, we probed its familiarity with ACTFL standards through a broad prompt. The initial output provided a generic framework centered on basic topics like greetings, which included a lesson plan featuring objectives, required materials, and suggested activities. An example Italian lesson plan was provided, followed by a word-by-word substitution guide for adapting the framework to other languages. In reviewing this output, we believed that a theme of “greetings”, while fundamental, is often too simple and basic for novice learners in real classroom settings and may not be suitable for the TBLT activity planned for the end of the workshop. Also, such a straightforward framework might not sufficiently challenge learners or promote meaningful engagement or cultural connections. This reflection prompted us to refine our prompt, shifting towards creative, theme-based activities that offered a balance of engagement and slight challenge. This resulted in varied lesson plans on topics such as shopping and weather, with distinct cultural elements and skill focuses tailored to each language.

Prompt 1: 

I’m working on a workshop with my less uncommonly taught languages teachers, I’d like you to come up with exercises and lesson plans for ACTFL descriptors (novice-level learners) for each of those languages I’m targeting at:

1. Italian

2. Spanish

3. German 

4. Kazakh

5. Hindi

6. Arabic

7. Bengali

8. Mandarin

9. Brazilian

10. Portuguese

11. Thai

12. Vietnamese

13. French

14. Indonesian

15. Swahili

16. Malagasy

17. Zulu

18. Igbo

19. Turkish

20. Persian

21. Kurdish

22. Russian

23. Amharic

Output 1:

To design exercises and lesson plans based on the ACTFL (American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages) novice-level proficiency descriptors, it’s essential to focus on the key areas of listening, speaking, reading, and writing at the novice level. These learners are typically able to communicate using short, simple phrases and can understand and produce memorized phrases, familiar vocabulary, and basic grammatical structures.

Here’s a framework for each language targeting novice learners, along with example activities that can be adapted for each of the 23 languages. I’ll provide one example and then similar plans can be created for each language.

Lesson Plan Framework: Novice Level (ACTFL Descriptors)

Lesson Objective:

By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:

  • Introduce themselves (name, origin, simple likes/dislikes).
  • Use memorized phrases to ask and answer basic questions.
  • Recognize common words and phrases related to daily life (e.g., greetings, numbers, colors).

Example: Italian

Topic: Introductions and Basic Greetings

Materials: Flashcards, worksheets with greetings, simple dialogues, and vocabulary

Warm-Up (10 minutes):

  • Activity: Teacher greets students in Italian using phrases like “Ciao!” (Hello), “Buongiorno!” (Good morning), and “Come ti chiami?” (What’s your name?).
  • Exercise: Students repeat after the teacher, then practice greeting one another in pairs.

Presentation (15 minutes):

  • Vocabulary: Introduce common phrases like “Mi chiamo” (My name is), “Sono di” (I am from), “Come stai?” (How are you?), and responses such as “Bene, grazie” (Good, thank you).
  • Grammar Focus: Show how to construct simple introductions using the verb “essere” (to be).

Guided Practice (20 minutes):

  • Activity: Pair students to practice asking and answering basic questions about their name, origin, and how they are doing.
  • Exercise: Provide fill-in-the-blank dialogues for students to complete and act out.

Application (10 minutes):

  • Role-Playing: Students introduce themselves to three classmates, incorporating greetings and questions.
  • Listening: Play a short audio clip of a basic conversation between two people meeting for the first time, and have students identify key phrases.

Wrap-Up (5 minutes):

  • Reflection: Ask students to share one new phrase they learned and how they feel about their progress.

Adapting for Other Languages:

  1. Spanish
    Similar greetings: “Hola,” “¿Cómo te llamas?,” “Soy de…”
  2. German
    Vocabulary: “Hallo,” “Wie heißt du?,” “Ich heiße…”
  3. Kazakh
    Greetings: “Сәлем,” “Аты-жөніңіз кім?” (What’s your name?), “Менің атым…”
  4. Hindi
    Basic phrases: “नमस्ते” (Hello), “आपका नाम क्या है?” (What’s your name?), “मेरा नाम…”
  5. Arabic
    Vocabulary: “مرحبا” (Hello), “ما اسمك؟” (What’s your name?), “اسمي…”
  6. Bengali
    Greetings: “হ্যালো,” “তোমার নাম কী?” (What’s your name?), “আমার নাম…”
  7. Mandarin
    Basics: “你好” (Hello), “你叫什么名字?” (What’s your name?), “我叫…”
  8. Brazilian Portuguese
    Greetings: “Oi,” “Como você se chama?,” “Eu me chamo…”
  9. Portuguese
    Vocabulary: “Olá,” “Como te chamas?,” “Eu sou de…”
  10. Thai
    Basics: “สวัสดี” (Hello), “คุณชื่ออะไร?” (What’s your name?), “ฉันชื่อ…”
  11. Vietnamese
    Vocabulary: “Xin chào,” “Tên bạn là gì?” (What’s your name?), “Tôi tên là…”
  12. French
    Greetings: “Bonjour,” “Comment tu t’appelles?” (What’s your name?), “Je m’appelle…”
  13. Indonesian
    Vocabulary: “Halo,” “Siapa namamu?” (What’s your name?), “Nama saya…”
  14. Swahili
    Basic phrases: “Habari,” “Jina lako nani?” (What’s your name?), “Jina langu ni…”
  15. Malagasy
    Greetings: “Salama,” “Inona ny anaranao?” (What’s your name?), “Ny anarako…”
  16. Zulu
    Vocabulary: “Sawubona,” “Ungubani igama lakho?” (What’s your name?), “Igama lami…”
  17. Igbo
    Basics: “Ndewo,” “Kedu aha gị?” (What’s your name?), “Aha m bụ…”
  18. Turkish
    Vocabulary: “Merhaba,” “Adın ne?” (What’s your name?), “Benim adım…”
  19. Persian
    Greetings: “سلام” (Hello), “اسم شما چیست؟” (What’s your name?), “اسم من…”
  20. Kurdish
    Basic phrases: “Slav,” “Navê te çi ye?” (What’s your name?), “Navê min…”
  21. Russian
    Vocabulary: “Привет,” “Как тебя зовут?” (What’s your name?), “Меня зовут…”
  22. Amharic
    Basics: “ሰላም,” “ስምህ ማን ነው?” (What’s your name?), “ስሜ…”

These lesson plans can be tailored to the cultural contexts of each language, incorporating relevant names, places, and greetings. The idea is to build a foundation of simple conversational skills that align with the ACTFL novice-level descriptors.

Prompt 2: 

too lazy!! Let’s think about more different activities for different languages 

Output 2:

Let’s get creative with a variety of activities for each language! I’ll mix up the formats to make sure the lessons are diverse and engaging, considering cultural elements, communicative goals, and the ACTFL novice-level focus on basic phrases, vocabulary, and interaction.

1. Italian: Visual Vocabulary Match

  • Activity: Students match Italian words with images (e.g., “gatto” with a picture of a cat, “mela” with an apple).
  • Task: Create visual flashcards with common Italian nouns and verbs. Then, have students walk around the room, matching the cards to images or objects.
  • Objective: Learn everyday nouns and simple verbs through visuals.

2. Spanish: Market Role-Play

  • Activity: Role-play a visit to a local market in Spanish-speaking countries.
  • Task: Students take turns being sellers and buyers, practicing phrases like “¿Cuánto cuesta?” (How much does it cost?), numbers, and names of fruits and vegetables.
  • Objective: Develop practical conversational skills in a real-life context.

3. German: Scavenger Hunt

  • Activity: Conduct a classroom scavenger hunt using German vocabulary.
  • Task: Hide objects around the room (or use images), and give students clues in German to find them (e.g., “Finde ein Buch” – Find a book).
  • Objective: Build vocabulary and listening skills by associating words with objects.

4. Kazakh: Simple Song and Movement

  • Activity: Learn a traditional Kazakh folk song and integrate simple hand motions.
  • Task: Students sing a basic, repetitive song, and perform hand movements related to the lyrics.
  • Objective: Introduce cultural elements while reinforcing memorized vocabulary through rhythm.

5. Hindi: Colors and Shapes Bingo

  • Activity: Play Bingo using colors and shapes in Hindi.
  • Task: Create Bingo cards with different shapes and colors, and call out phrases like “लाल वर्ग” (red square) or “नीला चक्र” (blue circle).
  • Objective: Practice recognizing colors and shapes in Hindi through a fun game format.

6. Arabic: Calendar Time

  • Activity: Practice days of the week and months in Arabic.
  • Task: Students create a class calendar, writing the days of the week and months in Arabic. Then, they ask each other simple questions, like “ما هو اليوم؟” (What day is it?).
  • Objective: Learn time-related vocabulary and basic conversational phrases.

7. Bengali: Greeting Chain

  • Activity: Create a “greeting chain” where students greet each other using Bengali phrases.
  • Task: Students pass greetings around the class, adding their own variation each time (e.g., “নমস্কার” – Hello, “আপনি কেমন আছেন?” – How are you?).
  • Objective: Reinforce greetings and simple conversational patterns.

8. Mandarin: Number Relay

  • Activity: Practice numbers with a relay race.
  • Task: Split the class into two teams. Write numbers (1-10) in Mandarin characters on cards, and students race to match the spoken number (e.g., “四” – 4) with the correct card.
  • Objective: Familiarize students with Mandarin numbers and basic recognition of characters.

9. Brazilian Portuguese: Memory Card Game

  • Activity: Play a memory card game with vocabulary.
  • Task: Prepare pairs of cards with Portuguese vocabulary words and their corresponding pictures. Students must match the word to the correct picture.
  • Objective: Reinforce vocabulary through repetition and visual recognition.

10. Portuguese (Portugal): Street Signs

  • Activity: Identify and read common street signs and public notices in Portuguese.
  • Task: Students are shown images of street signs (e.g., “Saída” – Exit, “Cuidado” – Caution), and they must identify and say what they mean.
  • Objective: Build practical vocabulary for traveling in Portuguese-speaking countries.

11. Thai: Emotion Flashcards

  • Activity: Identify emotions through pictures and Thai vocabulary.
  • Task: Show flashcards with images of people expressing different emotions (happy, sad, etc.), and students respond using the corresponding Thai word (e.g., “สุข” – Happy).
  • Objective: Learn basic adjectives and expressions of emotions.

12. Vietnamese: Daily Routine Timeline

  • Activity: Students create a simple daily routine timeline using Vietnamese vocabulary.
  • Task: Use phrases like “Thức dậy” (Wake up), “Ăn sáng” (Eat breakfast), and “Đi học” (Go to school) to describe their day.
  • Objective: Practice verbs and time-related vocabulary through storytelling.

13. French: Simon Says

  • Activity: Play Simon Says (Jacques a dit) using body parts and actions.
  • Task: The teacher says, “Jacques a dit, touchez le nez” (Touch your nose), and students follow along if “Jacques a dit” is said.
  • Objective: Reinforce vocabulary for body parts and actions in a fun, physical way.

14. Indonesian: Family Tree

  • Activity: Create a family tree using Indonesian vocabulary.
  • Task: Students build a simple family tree, labeling family members with words like “Ayah” (Father), “Ibu” (Mother), “Anak” (Child).
  • Objective: Learn family-related vocabulary and introduce students to the concept of family structures in Indonesian culture.

15. Swahili: Weather Report

  • Activity: Students create a simple weather report in Swahili.
  • Task: Using basic vocabulary like “mvua” (rain) and “jua” (sun), students give the day’s weather forecast for different cities in Swahili-speaking countries.
  • Objective: Learn weather vocabulary while incorporating geography.

16. Malagasy: Counting with Seashells

  • Activity: Use real or paper seashells to practice counting in Malagasy.
  • Task: Students count seashells using Malagasy numbers (e.g., “iray” for 1, “roa” for 2), placing the correct amount in piles.
  • Objective: Reinforce numbers through tactile learning.

17. Zulu: Traditional Clothing Vocabulary

  • Activity: Students match traditional Zulu clothing items with their names.
  • Task: Provide images of traditional garments, and students must label each item using the correct Zulu word.
  • Objective: Introduce cultural aspects while learning clothing vocabulary.

18. Igbo: Classroom Object Identification

  • Activity: Students label classroom objects in Igbo.
  • Task: Give students labels with Igbo vocabulary for items like “akwụkwọ” (book) and “azụ ụgbọelu” (chair), and they must place them around the room.
  • Objective: Learn practical classroom vocabulary.

19. Turkish: Food Menu Role-Play

  • Activity: Students create a simple menu in Turkish and role-play ordering food.
  • Task: One student plays a waiter, and the other a customer, using phrases like “Ne sipariş vermek istersiniz?” (What would you like to order?) and “Ben çorba istiyorum” (I want soup).
  • Objective: Practice food vocabulary and polite conversational phrases.

20. Persian: Object Description

  • Activity: Describe simple objects using Persian adjectives.
  • Task: Students are given objects (e.g., a red apple) and must describe them using basic Persian phrases like “این سیب قرمز است” (This apple is red).
  • Objective: Learn adjectives and practice describing everyday items.

21. Kurdish: Directions Game

  • Activity: Play a game where students give and follow directions in Kurdish.
  • Task: Use basic directional phrases like “چەپ بڕۆ” (Turn left) and “ڕاست بڕۆ” (Go straight) to guide a partner through a simple obstacle course.
  • Objective: Practice giving and following directions using common phrases.

22. Russian: Grocery List

  • Activity: Create a grocery list in Russian using common food items.
  • Task: Provide students with a template, and they must write down and say common grocery items in Russian (e.g., “хлеб” – bread, “молоко” – milk).
  • Objective: Build food-related vocabulary.

23. Amharic: Greeting Relay

  • Activity: A greeting relay where students greet each other in Amharic.
  • Task: Students pass on greetings, starting with “ሰላም” (Hello) and responding with different phrases like “እንዴት ነህ?” (How are you?).
  • Objective: Practice basic greetings and conversational skills in Amharic.

These activities vary by theme (e.g., shopping, weather, introductions) and skill (speaking, listening, cultural awareness), creating a rich array of experiences for novice learners across the 23 languages.

Recognizing the need for more engaging and diverse content, we refined the prompt to request creative, theme-based activities. This resulted in varied lesson plans on topics such as shopping and weather, with distinct cultural elements and skill focuses.

In order to address the issue of real-time collaboration across languages during the workshop, we decided to center the lesson plans on the shared theme of “weather.” This way, even though teachers would be reviewing different activities in their respective languages, they could still engage in meaningful conversations about a common topic. Prompts were then refined to include clear expectations: variety in the activities, use of a communicative approach, and a central focus on the theme of weather. These steps support the culminating workshop activity in which participants were to transform a lesson plan from standard Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) to TBLT.

Further Refining the Prompts for Lesson Plans Across Languages

At this stage, ChatGPT was asked to generate several lesson plans in English, which we could easily review for clarity and structure before moving on to translations in the target languages.

Prompt 3: 
Good! Now here’s what I’m thinking: I want the novice plans to be based on the same theme: weather, but with a variety of activities; Instead of a TBLT lesson plan, make it similar to a 50-min CLT lesson plan (so teachers can practice how to transform a CLT lesson plan to a TBLT one); The most important thing is the lesson plans must be communicative! Once you give me the English version, I’ll later have you translate them into their target language version so I can have the teachers evaluate how ChatGPT does in helping them generate the lesson plan. I know you have a word count limit, so don’t worry if you can’t get me everything at one time
Output 3:

Got it! I’ll generate individual, communicative weather-themed lesson plans for each target language, keeping each plan distinct and tailored to the language and cultural context. I’ll start with a couple, and we can go from there.

1. Italian: Weather Report Role-Play

Theme: Weather
Target Proficiency: Novice (ACTFL descriptors)
Duration: 50 minutes
Objective:

  • Students will learn basic weather vocabulary in Italian (e.g., soleggiato – sunny, nuvoloso – cloudy).
  • Students will engage in role-playing activities, practicing simple sentences about the weather.

Materials Needed:

  • Weather flashcards with Italian vocabulary
  • Weather forecast video clip in Italian
  • Role-play cards with city names and weather conditions

Lesson Breakdown:

1. Warm-up (5 minutes):

  • Ask students “Com’è il tempo oggi?” (How’s the weather today?)
  • Introduce common weather terms through real-time examples (e.g., “Oggi è soleggiato.”)

2. Vocabulary Introduction (10 minutes):

  • Show flashcards with weather conditions (e.g., pioggia – rain, vento – wind).
  • Students repeat the words and associate them with images.
  • Write the sentences on the board, e.g., “Oggi è nuvoloso.”

3. Guided Practice (15 minutes):

  • Watch a short Italian weather forecast video and ask students to listen for keywords.
  • Divide the students into pairs, assigning them weather conditions from the video to repeat back using the vocabulary (e.g., “A Milano è piovoso.”)

4. Role-Play (15 minutes):

  • Hand out role-play cards with city names and weather conditions. One student plays the “weatherman,” while another is the “audience.”
  • They exchange information, e.g., “A Roma è soleggiato. E a Venezia?” (It’s sunny in Rome. How about Venice?)

5. Wrap-Up and Review (5 minutes):

  • Review vocabulary with flashcards, and have each student say one sentence about the current weather in an Italian city.

2. Spanish: Weather Dialogues

Theme: Weather
Target Proficiency: Novice
Duration: 50 minutes
Objective:

  • Students will learn and use basic weather vocabulary in Spanish (e.g., hace sol – it’s sunny, está nublado – it’s cloudy).
  • Students will engage in conversational practice describing the weather.

Materials Needed:

  • Weather images
  • Conversation prompts
  • Weather maps

Lesson Breakdown:

1. Warm-up (5 minutes):

  • Ask students “¿Qué tiempo hace hoy?” (What’s the weather like today?)
  • Elicit responses using familiar vocabulary and introduce new terms.

2. Vocabulary Introduction (10 minutes):

  • Introduce weather vocabulary with flashcards (e.g., lluvia – rain, nieve – snow).
  • Students practice saying sentences, e.g., “Hace frío hoy.” (It’s cold today.)

3. Guided Practice (15 minutes):

  • Pair up students and provide each pair with weather images.
  • They ask each other questions, e.g., “¿Hace calor en la imagen?” (Is it hot in the picture?), and respond based on the image.

4. Dialogue Practice (15 minutes):

  • Show a weather map with various cities and their current weather conditions.
  • Students work in pairs to ask about and describe the weather in different cities, e.g., “¿Cómo está el tiempo en Madrid?” (What’s the weather like in Madrid?)

5. Wrap-Up and Review (5 minutes):

  • Have each student share one weather sentence about their favorite city in Spanish.
  • Quick vocabulary quiz using flashcards.

Let me know how these feel, and I can continue with other languages!

When the AI-generated French lesson plan felt overly simple, for instance, we asked ChatGPT to revise it, incorporating feedback on areas such as simplicity and cultural integration. This iterative process helped refine subsequent plans. The updated French lesson plan now explores weather across different regions in Paris, while the Zulu lesson plan features a weather-informed clothing activity highlighting local geography and traditional attire. The text box below demonstrates a prompt requesting that ChatGPT enhance the activity in the French lesson plan to make it more engaging. The revised lesson plan includes a Parisian weather report activity, which we praised for successfully incorporating cultural elements such as landmarks into the design.

Prompt 4: 

The French one looks a bit boring, would you mind revising it before we continue?

Output 4:

Sure, let’s add some more engaging activities for the French lesson plan:

12. French: Exploring Parisian Weather

Theme: Weather
Target Proficiency: Novice
Duration: 50 minutes
Objective:

  • Students will learn French weather vocabulary (e.g., ensoleillé – sunny, pluvieux – rainy).
  • Students will engage in interactive activities to describe the weather in different parts of Paris and create weather-based travel plans.

Materials Needed:

  • French weather flashcards
  • Map of Paris with notable landmarks
  • Weather forecast handouts
  • Mini whiteboards or paper for planning

Lesson Breakdown:

1. Warm-up (5 minutes):

  • Start with a quick question: “Quel temps fait-il aujourd’hui?” (What’s the weather like today?)
  • Write a few responses on the board, e.g., “Il pleut aujourd’hui.” (It’s raining today.)

2. Vocabulary Introduction (10 minutes):

  • Introduce weather vocabulary using flashcards and images of Parisian landmarks.
  • Practice pronunciation and use each term in a sentence, e.g., “À la Tour Eiffel, il fait nuageux.” (At the Eiffel Tower, it’s cloudy.)

3. Interactive Map Activity (15 minutes):

  • Hand out maps of Paris highlighting different neighborhoods and landmarks.
  • In pairs, students describe the weather in different areas using a weather forecast handout, e.g., “À Montmartre, il fait beau.” (In Montmartre, it’s nice.)

4. Create a Parisian Weather Report (15 minutes):

  • Students use mini whiteboards or paper to create a short weather report for a day in Paris. They must choose a few neighborhoods, describe the weather, and suggest activities for each area.
  • Example: “Aujourd’hui à Saint-Germain-des-Prés, il fait chaud. Vous pouvez visiter des cafés en terrasse.” (Today in Saint-Germain-des-Prés, it’s hot. You can visit outdoor cafés.)

5. Wrap-Up and Review (5 minutes):

  • Students present their weather reports to the class. Review key vocabulary by asking students to describe the weather conditions in a few Parisian neighborhoods.

I hope this revised version adds a bit more excitement to the lesson! Let me know if you have any other ideas or if you’d like to continue with more lesson plans.

From this point, ChatGPT initiated a check-in after every three or four lesson plans. We were initially surprised to see it asking for feedback, but took the opportunity to encourage more novelty in the lesson plans. Subsequently, since each lesson plan appeared to have clear objectives, materials needed, and clear lesson breakdown, we proceeded to generate the rest in the same manner.

After finalizing all the English lesson plans, we instructed ChatGPT to translate them into their respective target languages. When we initially attempted to translate the plans all at once, upon reviewing the translation, we noticed that words and sentences in the translated version differed from what we had anticipated. To confirm our suspicion, we backward-checked the English versions of the translated plans and found that the outputs were indeed different lessons. To address these inconsistencies, we opted to feed in each copy-pasted lesson plan one at a time and have ChatGPT translate them individually into the target language.

This iterative approach further revealed that translations were of higher quality when ChatGPT worked on them one by one rather than in batches. By refining this step, we were able to ensure the translated lesson plans aligned with the original English versions, preserving their objectives, content, and structure. This precision was crucial to avoid confusion during the workshop and highlighted the importance of monitoring AI-generated outputs, especially for multilingual content. By prioritizing accuracy and consistency, we ensured the lesson plans met instructional goals and set a standard for responsibly integrating AI into language education.

Using the Lesson Plans During the Workshop

On the day of the workshop, we let participants know that we addressed their prior request to have lesson plans in the target language, and that we did so by utilizing ChatGPT as a lesson plan creator and translator. We distributed both the English and translated versions to workshop participants, and referred to the English versions of the lesson plans due to it being our common language. The reasons for also including the English version were twofold: first, to leverage English as the group’s lingua franca, and second, to allow for collaboration across languages, with the English-language version serving as a reference in pair work discussions in which the participants did not teach the same language. Lastly, the finalized lesson plans were compiled into a single digital document for easy distribution during the workshop. Readers can find a link to the lesson plans above.

The participants’ reactions to using the ChatGPT generated lesson plans as part of the workshop activity were indeed diverse and thought-provoking. Some approached the plans critically, using them as a springboard to reflect on their own teaching practices and push back on stereotypes found in the output; for instance, a French instructor noted the need to situate activities within the broader Francophone world rather than focusing solely on Paris. Similarly, ideas like inviting students to choose a city or several cities on a map of a place where the language is spoken emerged and enriched our discussion. Others expressed curiosity about the prompts used to generate the lesson plans as they wanted to understand how specific inputs influenced the output we received. Interestingly, a few participants skipped the review process altogether and asked ChatGPT to generate new lesson plans during the workshop. It is possible that they wanted to compare the CLT and TBLT lesson plans that ChatGPT would generate. 

We found that the multilingual nature of the workshop added a unique emotional and intellectual dimension to the experience, especially when participants felt a sense of validation in seeing their LCTLs represented in lesson plans created with cutting-edge AI technology. When we followed up with the workshop participants via email to get their take on the use of AI/ChatGPT to create the workshop activity materials, we identified two themes across their responses. First, instructors thought that the lesson plans were a great starting point for creating task-based lessons, which was particularly productive when colleagues teaching the same target language were collaborating during the workshop. Second, some instructors felt that the output in their target language required more effort to make it suitable for students. We will go into more detail in the following paragraphs.

Instructor Feedback on ChatGPT Lesson Plans in the Target Language

We emailed all 22 participants to ask for their feedback on the ChatGPT lesson plans, and three people responded. Two are instructors of Mandarin, and the other is a teaching assistant for Vietnamese. Since this is a small percentage of those who attended, the views expressed might not reflect everyone’s attitudes towards the ChatGPT-generated target language lesson plans. However, we found that these written testimonials were reflective of the discussions that took place during the pair and group activities in the workshop. 

On the topic of effective collaboration in the target language, for example, one Mandarin instructor found the AI-generated lesson plans to be a valuable resource for understanding TBLT principles. She shared that the structured examples provided by ChatGPT offered a clear framework for tasks that supported one another, making it easier to adapt the plans to her students’ needs. “Although the tasks themselves were not overly complex,” she remarked, “they offered a solid framework that I could easily adapt and innovate upon based on the needs of my students.” This adaptability indeed proved to be particularly useful during the workshop’s collaborative activities, where instructors build upon these foundational ideas to develop personalized approaches.

Another Mandarin instructor echoed this sentiment, sharing that “the activity it (ChatGPT) suggested was engaging and inspired me to enhance the plan with our (me and my colleagues’) own experiences and ideas.” This highlights the potential of AI to create target-language specific materials that are meaningful even when there is a different shared language, and brings us closer to centering multilingual instructors’ expertise rather than relying on English as the sole medium of communication.

In terms of challenges faced in the effective integration of AI outputs into the classroom, while instructors generally appreciated the convenience and structure provided by ChatGPT, during the workshop several noted that the outputs required substantial adaptation to suit their target languages and students. This was particularly evident for languages that ChatGPT appears less equipped to handle, such as Vietnamese. A Vietnamese teaching assistant shared that while ChatGPT provided helpful ideas, its output often needed adjustments before she could use it with the students. “For TBLT, it seems that ChatGPT may have abundant resources with more popularly-taught languages like English, Spanish and Mandarin,” she explained. “Many of these could be applied to the language I am teaching (Vietnamese), however, it often needs quite a few adjustments from the teacher’s side to make it usable in class.” She further noted that while ChatGPT could effectively break down authentic materials in Vietnamese, it struggled to “reproduce graded versions of texts,” by which she means simplified versions using lower-level vocabulary and structures. This limitation further highlights an area where human expertise remains indispensable in leveraging the use of AI tools such as ChatGPT. 

The feedback from these instructors illustrates how AI can be both a powerful resource and a tool that still requires human expertise and creativity. On the one hand, its structured outputs offer solid foundations that save time and foster collaboration. On the other hand, its limitations, especially for less commonly taught languages, underscore the need for ongoing teacher evaluation and adaptation. In all feedback, instructors expressed enthusiasm in the potential of incorporating AI into their future work. Paired with an understanding of its limitations, it is clear that professional development that empowers educators to engage with these tools critically and effectively is urgently needed as we co-create the future of language education with AI innovation and teacher expertise.

Conclusion

Looking ahead to more PLC professional development workshop opportunities in Spring 2025, we continue a three-part series called Mastering the Scales of AI Literacy in which we will model some of the iterative prompting that was featured in this article, both for spontaneous oral production and a multi-stage writing process. Having first-hand experience with the output in different languages will assist us in advising instructors as they develop prompts for different tasks in the target language. Ultimately, in developing the prompting skills for their own purposes, instructors are better positioned to teach their students the art of prompt engineering in the TL, thus handing them the keys to drive their own learning. After this academic year, we intend to design workshops in which teachers themselves go through the process of generating lesson plans using AI to further enhance their skills and autonomy in lesson design. There is also potential for similar workshops in other instructional areas to allow educators to leverage AI in developing a wide range of educational materials. While the inclusion of AI in professional development activities could allow for more autonomous use of AI in the future, the limitations of AI tools must be addressed so that instructors can make informed decisions about when and how to use it. 

In conclusion, utilizing ChatGPT to generate lesson plans in the target language of each of the instructor-participants at our recent workshop was an effective way to incorporate AI in a professional setting. In this article we outlined the process of prompting that we undertook to align the workshop activity to the overall objectives of the workshop, and found that the final product was well-received. By leveraging AI to support collaboration and creativity, we took a significant step toward designing more inclusive and language-specific educational practices which prompts meaningful engagement with the world’s linguistic and cultural diversity. 

Others who are looking to move beyond English as a common language in professional development settings for multilingual participants may find a model in our approach. As exemplified by the feedback we received from participants, they are keenly interested in the different ways that generative AI/ ChatGPT can assist them with developing lesson plans and course materials, an area ripe for future exploration. 

References

Lee, N. T., & Ta, R. (2023, October 24). How language gaps constrain generative AI development. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-language-gaps-constrain-generative-ai-development/

Mollick, E. (2024). Co-Intelligence: Living and working with AI. Random House.

OpenAI. (2024). ChatGPT (4o version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com

February 4, 2025 at 09:38PM
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